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Justice Delayed is Childhood Denied: Urgent Reforms Needed to Protect Canada's Children from Alienation!
Halifax, Nova Scotia, April 24, 2024
Tomorrow, on Parental Alienation Awareness Day, April 25, Complex Trauma Canada is sounding a nationwide call to action, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive legislative and systemic reforms to address Parental Alienation (PA) and its profound impact on inter-generational trauma. With the Nova Scotia Department of Justice taking progressive steps by offering specialized training to those supervising parenting time and acknowledging PA as a form of family violence, it is imperative that similar measures are adopted across Nova Scotia and across Canada.
Tomorrow, on Parental Alienation Awareness Day, April 25, Complex Trauma Canada is sounding a nationwide call to action, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive legislative and systemic reforms to address Parental Alienation (PA) and its profound impact on inter-generational trauma. With the Nova Scotia Department of Justice taking progressive steps by offering specialized training to those supervising parenting time and acknowledging PA as a form of family violence, it is imperative that similar measures are adopted across Nova Scotia and across Canada.
Legislative, Judicial, and Human Rights Perspectives on Parental Alienation:
Internationally, countries such as Romania, Brazil, and Puerto Rico have established legal requirements by implementing comprehensive laws against parental alienation. These measures demonstrate a strong commitment to protecting children and families from this type of abuse, setting an example for other nations to follow.
In Canada, the recognition of the detrimental effects of parental alienation is increasingly acknowledged within the judicial system. Notably, the Honourable Justice Lou Ann Chaisson of Nova Scotia, along with Justices Pardu, Paciocco, and Zarnett of the Ontario Court of Appeals, have identified parental alienation as emotional abuse detrimental to children's best interests. This view is increasingly supported by various judges across Canada who are actively addressing parental alienation by implementing necessary remedies. Similarly, judicial bodies in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Israel, Brazil, South Africa, India, Malta, Italy, Spain, Mexico, New Zealand, France, Portugal, Germany, Ireland and more, have recognized parental alienation as a serious concern.
Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has not only recognized parental alienation as a significant form of child abuse but also emphasized the state's responsibility to promptly address such cases. The ECtHR has upheld the necessity of supporting families through diligent state action, respecting the private life of families in cases of parental alienation, and ensuring timely enforcement of court orders to protect children’s relationships with their parents.
These broad acknowledgment highlights the critical need for enhanced Canadian legislation and human rights protections and supports for families. It is imperative to identify, address, and provide remedies for parental alienation effectively. By doing so, we can support families and mitigate the long-term effects and inter-generational cycles of trauma associated with this issue.
Comprehensive Calls for Action:
Internationally, countries such as Romania, Brazil, and Puerto Rico have established legal requirements by implementing comprehensive laws against parental alienation. These measures demonstrate a strong commitment to protecting children and families from this type of abuse, setting an example for other nations to follow.
In Canada, the recognition of the detrimental effects of parental alienation is increasingly acknowledged within the judicial system. Notably, the Honourable Justice Lou Ann Chaisson of Nova Scotia, along with Justices Pardu, Paciocco, and Zarnett of the Ontario Court of Appeals, have identified parental alienation as emotional abuse detrimental to children's best interests. This view is increasingly supported by various judges across Canada who are actively addressing parental alienation by implementing necessary remedies. Similarly, judicial bodies in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Israel, Brazil, South Africa, India, Malta, Italy, Spain, Mexico, New Zealand, France, Portugal, Germany, Ireland and more, have recognized parental alienation as a serious concern.
Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has not only recognized parental alienation as a significant form of child abuse but also emphasized the state's responsibility to promptly address such cases. The ECtHR has upheld the necessity of supporting families through diligent state action, respecting the private life of families in cases of parental alienation, and ensuring timely enforcement of court orders to protect children’s relationships with their parents.
These broad acknowledgment highlights the critical need for enhanced Canadian legislation and human rights protections and supports for families. It is imperative to identify, address, and provide remedies for parental alienation effectively. By doing so, we can support families and mitigate the long-term effects and inter-generational cycles of trauma associated with this issue.
Comprehensive Calls for Action:
1. Legislative Changes: We urgently call for the development and implementation of federal and provincial laws that clearly categorize PA as a form of psychological child abuse and coercive control. Such laws should also consider the pervasive and long-term impacts of PA on the psychological health of children and their families.
2. Enhanced Training and Support: We advocate for a significant expansion of training programs targeting all professionals involved in family law. These programs should include detailed understandings of PA, its signs, and its long-term effects, particularly the perpetuation of inter-generational trauma. Moreover, we propose the enhancement of support systems for families, including access to specialized therapeutic and counseling services tailored to address the complex needs arising from PA.
3. Awareness Campaigns: There is a critical need to expand public and professional awareness about PA and encourage dialogue. Campaigns should focus on education about the signs of PA, the risks it poses to children and families, Human Rights and the necessity for urgent legal and social interventions.
As we mark Parental Alienation Awareness Day, it is not merely a time for reflection but a call to decisive action. The acknowledgment globally of parental alienation as a form of abuse across legislative, judicial and Haman Rights spheres, necessitates immediate and bold legislative, programmatic responses. We must protect our children from the scars of parental alienation and ensure the well-being of future generations.
As we mark Parental Alienation Awareness Day, it is not merely a time for reflection but a call to decisive action. The acknowledgment globally of parental alienation as a form of abuse across legislative, judicial and Haman Rights spheres, necessitates immediate and bold legislative, programmatic responses. We must protect our children from the scars of parental alienation and ensure the well-being of future generations.
Complex Trauma Canada urges all stakeholders—including policymakers, legal and medical professionals, community leaders, parents, siblings and grandparents—to unite in transforming our approach to parental alienation and the inter-generational trauma that goes on for generations.
Complex Trauma Canada - Media
media@complextraumacanada.com
Complex Trauma Canada is a prominent non-profit organization dedicated to addressing the challenges of childhood and complex trauma in Canada and supporting those affected by its long-lasting effects. Through education, advocacy, and community-driven initiatives, Complex Trauma Canada strives to promote healing, resilience, and empowerment, while advancing the understanding and treatment of childhood and complex trauma across Canada.
A recent document from the Nova Scotia Department of Justice introduces updated educational models, including a section titled "New Thinking on Alienating Behaviours." This segment acknowledges the 5-Factor Model, also referred to as the "Baker Model," named after Amy J. Baker, a leading expert in the field.
Ringing the Alarm Bells About Coercive Control: Is anybody listening?
Halifax, Nova Scotia, November 15, 2023
Today, Complex Trauma Canada brings to national attention the critical issue of coercive control within family violence, identifying it as one of the most pressing challenges currently facing Canada. Amidst evolving discussions around legal recognition and response to this form of abuse, the organization urges a comprehensive and inclusive approach to addressing its widespread impact.
Coercive control, encompassing a range of psychological and emotional abuse tactics, is a subtle yet pervasive form of domestic violence. It leaves no physical scars, but has lethal effects on the long term health of Canadians. It includes behaviors that induce fear, isolation, and loss of autonomy among victims. Despite its criminalization in the UK in 2015, Canada continues to trail behind and grapple with fully recognizing and adequately addressing this complex and covert form of family violence within its legal framework. The story shared by New Democrat MP Laurel Collins about her sister's experience with coercive control underscores the urgency and gravity of this issue. She recently tabled a private members bill seeking to criminalize coercive control, a bill she resurrected from Conservative MP Randall Garrison, which now has tri-partisan support.
The legislative journey, including efforts like Bill C-247 to criminalize coercive control in Canada, highlights the ongoing struggle to implement effective legal measures against this covert form of family violence. Complex Trauma Canada emphasizes that coercive control transcends gender, affecting individuals across the spectrum. It calls for robust training and education for Police, Crown Prosecutors and Judges to accurately identify and address cases of coercive control, learning from the implementation challenges seen in other countries, such as England and Scotland.
Recognizing the inter-generational impacts of trauma, Complex Trauma Canada underscores the importance of addressing coercive control not only for the immediate well-being of victims but also for the long-term psychological health of children and future generations. This form of relational abuse can instill lasting trauma, perpetuating a cycle that affects families over generations.
Complex Trauma Canada is advocating for an urgent national dialogue and action plan to combat coercive control. The organization calls for raising public awareness, educating on the signs of coercive control, and promoting the development of legal protections that encompass all victims, irrespective of gender. This initiative is a pivotal step towards ensuring justice for victims and a crucial strategy in preventing further escalation of family violence.
For further information or media inquiries, please contact:
Complex Trauma Canada - Media
media@complextraumacanada.com
About Complex Trauma Canada:
Complex Trauma Canada is the prominent non-profit organization dedicated to addressing the challenges of childhood and complex trauma in Canada and supporting those affected by its long-lasting effects. Through research, advocacy, and community-driven initiatives, Complex Trauma Canada strives to promote healing, resilience, and empowerment, while advancing the understanding and treatment of complex trauma across Canada.
Halifax, Nova Scotia, November 15, 2023
Today, Complex Trauma Canada brings to national attention the critical issue of coercive control within family violence, identifying it as one of the most pressing challenges currently facing Canada. Amidst evolving discussions around legal recognition and response to this form of abuse, the organization urges a comprehensive and inclusive approach to addressing its widespread impact.
Coercive control, encompassing a range of psychological and emotional abuse tactics, is a subtle yet pervasive form of domestic violence. It leaves no physical scars, but has lethal effects on the long term health of Canadians. It includes behaviors that induce fear, isolation, and loss of autonomy among victims. Despite its criminalization in the UK in 2015, Canada continues to trail behind and grapple with fully recognizing and adequately addressing this complex and covert form of family violence within its legal framework. The story shared by New Democrat MP Laurel Collins about her sister's experience with coercive control underscores the urgency and gravity of this issue. She recently tabled a private members bill seeking to criminalize coercive control, a bill she resurrected from Conservative MP Randall Garrison, which now has tri-partisan support.
The legislative journey, including efforts like Bill C-247 to criminalize coercive control in Canada, highlights the ongoing struggle to implement effective legal measures against this covert form of family violence. Complex Trauma Canada emphasizes that coercive control transcends gender, affecting individuals across the spectrum. It calls for robust training and education for Police, Crown Prosecutors and Judges to accurately identify and address cases of coercive control, learning from the implementation challenges seen in other countries, such as England and Scotland.
Recognizing the inter-generational impacts of trauma, Complex Trauma Canada underscores the importance of addressing coercive control not only for the immediate well-being of victims but also for the long-term psychological health of children and future generations. This form of relational abuse can instill lasting trauma, perpetuating a cycle that affects families over generations.
Complex Trauma Canada is advocating for an urgent national dialogue and action plan to combat coercive control. The organization calls for raising public awareness, educating on the signs of coercive control, and promoting the development of legal protections that encompass all victims, irrespective of gender. This initiative is a pivotal step towards ensuring justice for victims and a crucial strategy in preventing further escalation of family violence.
For further information or media inquiries, please contact:
Complex Trauma Canada - Media
media@complextraumacanada.com
About Complex Trauma Canada:
Complex Trauma Canada is the prominent non-profit organization dedicated to addressing the challenges of childhood and complex trauma in Canada and supporting those affected by its long-lasting effects. Through research, advocacy, and community-driven initiatives, Complex Trauma Canada strives to promote healing, resilience, and empowerment, while advancing the understanding and treatment of complex trauma across Canada.
Government Negligence: Complex Trauma Canada Demands Rethink on MAID for Mental Illness
Summary:
[Halifax, October 23, 2023] Complex Trauma Canada unequivocally condemns Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's Liberal Party for their irresponsible decision to vote down bill C-314. This bill aimed to prohibit Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) for individuals whose sole medical condition is a mental disorder. The government's move reveals a gross negligence toward vulnerable communities, including lower socio-economic strata, alienated parents, those bereft of community support, and victims of trauma and complex trauma.
This action underscores Trudeau's government's broader failures in mental health and social policy. Rather than bolstering accessible and effective mental health treatments and social supports, the government seems more inclined to reduce the population that might require these services.
Background:
On October 18th, 2023, the Liberal Party voted against Conservative lawmaker Ed Fast's private members bill C-314. This bill sought to amend Canada’s Criminal Code to exclude mental disorders as a sufficient condition for receiving medical assistance in dying. The decision was despite notable opposition from organizations like the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) and the Society of Canadian Psychiatry, both of which advocate for a more cautious approach to MAID, especially where mental illness is concerned.
The Concerns:
1. Vulnerable Populations at Risk: This decision disproportionately affects vulnerable demographics, including but not limited to lower socio-economic groups, alienated parents, and individuals suffering from complex trauma.
2. Insufficient Safeguards: Critics argue that safeguards are woefully lacking, a concern echoed by CASP in their statement that extreme caution must be exercised with MAID.
3. Consent Challenges: Montreal lawyer Natalia Manole raised questions about the ability of mentally compromised patients to legally provide informed consent for euthanasia.
4. Alternative Treatments: As the Society of Canadian Psychiatry recommends, alternative treatments for mental illness should be prioritized over euthanasia.
5. Intergenerational Impact: This policy has the potential for harmful intergenerational effects. It risks normalizing assisted dying as a solution for mental suffering, which can lead to a cycle of trauma and loss within families.
6. Data Trends: An Angus Reid poll indicates only 31% of Canadians support offering MAID for irremediable mental illness; 51% opposed the idea. There is limited tracking of the social challenges people face who are accessing MAID. Collection of socio-economic and other contextual questions, eg. do you have children?, will need to be collected to improve social services.
Conclusion and Call to Action:
Complex Trauma Canada implores lawmakers to reconsider this decision, prioritizing long-term, comprehensive mental health support and treatment over euthanasia for mentally ill individuals. The societal costs and the risk to vulnerable populations are too high to ignore.
For further information or media inquiries, please contact:
Media
Complex Trauma Canada
About Complex Trauma Canada:
Complex Trauma Canada is a prominent organization dedicated to addressing the challenges of childhood and complex trauma in Canada and supporting those affected by its long-lasting effects. Through research, advocacy, and community-driven initiatives, Complex Trauma Canada strives to promote healing, resilience, and empowerment, while advancing the understanding and treatment of complex trauma across Canada.
Summary:
[Halifax, October 23, 2023] Complex Trauma Canada unequivocally condemns Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's Liberal Party for their irresponsible decision to vote down bill C-314. This bill aimed to prohibit Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) for individuals whose sole medical condition is a mental disorder. The government's move reveals a gross negligence toward vulnerable communities, including lower socio-economic strata, alienated parents, those bereft of community support, and victims of trauma and complex trauma.
This action underscores Trudeau's government's broader failures in mental health and social policy. Rather than bolstering accessible and effective mental health treatments and social supports, the government seems more inclined to reduce the population that might require these services.
Background:
On October 18th, 2023, the Liberal Party voted against Conservative lawmaker Ed Fast's private members bill C-314. This bill sought to amend Canada’s Criminal Code to exclude mental disorders as a sufficient condition for receiving medical assistance in dying. The decision was despite notable opposition from organizations like the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) and the Society of Canadian Psychiatry, both of which advocate for a more cautious approach to MAID, especially where mental illness is concerned.
The Concerns:
1. Vulnerable Populations at Risk: This decision disproportionately affects vulnerable demographics, including but not limited to lower socio-economic groups, alienated parents, and individuals suffering from complex trauma.
2. Insufficient Safeguards: Critics argue that safeguards are woefully lacking, a concern echoed by CASP in their statement that extreme caution must be exercised with MAID.
3. Consent Challenges: Montreal lawyer Natalia Manole raised questions about the ability of mentally compromised patients to legally provide informed consent for euthanasia.
4. Alternative Treatments: As the Society of Canadian Psychiatry recommends, alternative treatments for mental illness should be prioritized over euthanasia.
5. Intergenerational Impact: This policy has the potential for harmful intergenerational effects. It risks normalizing assisted dying as a solution for mental suffering, which can lead to a cycle of trauma and loss within families.
6. Data Trends: An Angus Reid poll indicates only 31% of Canadians support offering MAID for irremediable mental illness; 51% opposed the idea. There is limited tracking of the social challenges people face who are accessing MAID. Collection of socio-economic and other contextual questions, eg. do you have children?, will need to be collected to improve social services.
Conclusion and Call to Action:
Complex Trauma Canada implores lawmakers to reconsider this decision, prioritizing long-term, comprehensive mental health support and treatment over euthanasia for mentally ill individuals. The societal costs and the risk to vulnerable populations are too high to ignore.
For further information or media inquiries, please contact:
Media
Complex Trauma Canada
media@complextraumacanada.com
Complex Trauma Canada is a prominent organization dedicated to addressing the challenges of childhood and complex trauma in Canada and supporting those affected by its long-lasting effects. Through research, advocacy, and community-driven initiatives, Complex Trauma Canada strives to promote healing, resilience, and empowerment, while advancing the understanding and treatment of complex trauma across Canada.
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE - June 27, 2023
Complex Trauma Canada Shines a Spotlight on the Deep Impacts of Intergenerational Trauma: Advocating for Healing and Empowerment
[Halifax, Nova Scotia] – Complex Trauma Canada, a leading organization dedicated to addressing complex trauma and its effects, is taking a stand to bring attention to the profound and lasting consequences of intergenerational trauma. Through extensive research and collaboration with mental health experts, Complex Trauma Canada aims to raise awareness, foster healing, and empower individuals and communities across the nation.
Intergenerational trauma, also known as historical or transgenerational trauma, refers to the transfer of traumatic experiences and their associated emotional and psychological effects across generations. This phenomenon commonly affects families and communities impacted by historical injustices, such as colonization, forced displacement, systemic oppression, and cultural genocide. The trauma endured by one generation can permeate subsequent generations, leaving a deep imprint on their well-being, even if they did not directly experience the original traumatic events.
Complex Trauma Canada recognizes that intergenerational trauma not only affects individuals on a personal level but also has far-reaching societal implications. Drawing upon the latest research, Complex Trauma Canada highlights the following crucial insights:
1. Trauma Transmission: Scientific studies reveal that traumatic experiences can trigger genetic changes affecting stress hormone regulation and neurotransmitter functioning. These genetic alterations can be inherited by future generations, potentially perpetuating the cycle of trauma.
2. Emotional and Psychological Fallout: Intergenerational trauma manifests in a wide range of emotional and psychological challenges, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), addiction, and difficulties in establishing healthy relationships. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying causes of these difficulties is crucial for effective treatment and support.
3. Social and Cultural Fragmentation: Intergenerational trauma disrupts social and cultural systems within affected communities. It can lead to a loss of cultural identity, weakened social support networks, and a breakdown of intergenerational bonds, perpetuating the cycle of trauma and impeding community healing.
By highlighting the urgency of addressing intergenerational trauma, Complex Trauma Canada advocates for the following actions:
a. Raising Awareness: Complex Trauma Canada calls upon individuals, communities, and policymakers to acknowledge the extensive impacts of intergenerational trauma and recognize it as a pressing public health concern.
b. Trauma-Informed Care: Encouraging mental health professionals to adopt trauma-informed approaches that consider the intergenerational nature of trauma. This involves providing appropriate support and treatment to individuals and families affected by complex trauma.
c. Empowering Healing and Resilience: Promoting the development of community-based initiatives that foster healing, preserve cultural heritage, and nurture resilience in affected communities. This includes creating safe spaces for intergenerational dialogue, supporting cultural revitalization efforts, and enhancing access to mental health resources.
Complex Trauma Canada invites individuals, organizations, and policymakers to unite in their commitment to raise awareness and facilitate healing in the face of intergenerational trauma. Together, we can break the cycle of trauma, empower survivors, and build a future founded on compassion and empowerment.
For media inquiries, please contact:
Media
Complex Trauma Canada
media@complextraumacanada.com
About Complex Trauma Canada:
Complex Trauma Canada is a prominent organization dedicated to addressing the challenges of complex trauma and supporting those affected by its long-lasting effects. Through research, advocacy, and community-driven initiatives, Complex Trauma Canada strives to promote healing, resilience, and empowerment, while advancing the understanding and treatment of complex trauma across Canada.
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PUBLICATIONS
Abstract - Parental Alienation and Suicide - Kelsey Green
Parental alienation (PA) is a form of intimate partner violence (IPV) and a form of child abuse.
Targeted parents, those who are having their children alienated from them, are at higher risk for mental health impacts such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, (Harman, Kruk, & Hines, 2018).
This paper focuses on the targeted parents and their 23% chance of attempting suicide at least once (Lee-Maturana, Matthewson, & Dwan, 2020), which puts that population at 288 times increased risk over the general Canadian population for attempted suicide.
Looking beyond common DSM diagnoses leads to the consideration of how both types of ambiguous loss, (physical and psychological), as well as moral injuries may contribute to death by suicide in targeted parents.
Moral injuries are a known pathway to deaths by suicide in veterans, could the same pathway be present in targeted parents? When targeted parents take their own life, it may be a death of despair resulting from what is perceived as hopelessness in their situation. While there are suicide risk profiles associated with alienated children, and alienating parents, this paper will focus on potential pathways that targeted parents die by suicide.
More research is needed to understand the mechanisms leading to suicide or attempted suicide in targeted parents so that treatments or preventative measures can be put in place.
Targeted parents, those who are having their children alienated from them, are at higher risk for mental health impacts such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, (Harman, Kruk, & Hines, 2018).
This paper focuses on the targeted parents and their 23% chance of attempting suicide at least once (Lee-Maturana, Matthewson, & Dwan, 2020), which puts that population at 288 times increased risk over the general Canadian population for attempted suicide.
Looking beyond common DSM diagnoses leads to the consideration of how both types of ambiguous loss, (physical and psychological), as well as moral injuries may contribute to death by suicide in targeted parents.
Moral injuries are a known pathway to deaths by suicide in veterans, could the same pathway be present in targeted parents? When targeted parents take their own life, it may be a death of despair resulting from what is perceived as hopelessness in their situation. While there are suicide risk profiles associated with alienated children, and alienating parents, this paper will focus on potential pathways that targeted parents die by suicide.
More research is needed to understand the mechanisms leading to suicide or attempted suicide in targeted parents so that treatments or preventative measures can be put in place.
SUBMISSION
Source Data
Prison Capacity (overcapacity) https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/canada
Cost of Incarceration https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510001301
Suicides by Province https://www.suicideinfo.ca/local_resource/suicide-stats-canada-provinces/
Forecast - Childhood Trauma Cost https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/childhood-exposure-trauma-costs-society-458-billion-annually
OP ED'S
Send us your Op Ed to have it considered for publication on this website. Share your lived experience, so others can learn and heal. Tell your story or the story of a loved one with trauma.
Trauma Tips
Trauma Tip: Did you know that many trauma survivors are not ready to open up and talk about past traumas?
Trauma Tip: The traumas that many people experience are of such an intensity that they choose to supress them, rather than exploring their traumas. The experience of opening up their traumas frequently brings them back to an uncomfortable state; leaving that time in their lives behind and moving forward is often the preferred approach. This is one recognized way of dealing with past traumas and those who choose this approach should know they are choosing the best approach for them. They are not alone in this approach.
Trauma Tip: Childhood, Adolescent and Adult trauma can impact others.
This is often called Vicarious Trauma. Prior to sharing a difficult story, find out if the other person is able to listen. When sharing the story, check in from time to time and offer to stop if it's too much.
Trauma Tip: Traumatic Memories are tied to emotions. Trauma Survivors don't just remember a traumatic experience, we relive the emotions we had at the time. If it was a scary time, people can feel scared, sweat, and have hairs stand on end.
Trauma Tip: Not only do we relive traumatic memories, we relive happy memories too. If you're feeling blue, talk about or write about a happy time to evoke positive emotions.
YOU ARE NOT ALONE
Complex Trauma Canada has national, provincial and city based peer support groups and professional support networks which are here for you. We are building communities of people exactly like you who don't know where to turn.
Complex Trauma Canada has national, provincial and city based peer support groups and professional support networks which are here for you. We are building communities of people exactly like you who don't know where to turn.
We are here to help. What happened to you?
(Check all that apply)
Humiliation and Ridicule
Blackmail
Deprivation of Contact
Blaming / Scapegoating
Controlling
Intimidation
Harassment
Isolation
Sexual Abuse
Verbal Abuse
Coercive Control
Manipulation / Brainwashing
Spiritual / Religious
Being Threatened
Degradation
Other Trauma
Parental Alienation
False Allegations of DV
False Allegations of SA
Financial Abuse
Physical Abuse
Emotional Abuse
Psychological Abuse / Gaslighting
Social Alienation / Social Abuse
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